Resumo A etologia dos insetos é um fator importante quando se deseja relizar manejo de pragas. Através deste conhecimento, é possível manipular atividades comportamentais, repelir, ou atrair os insetos de acordo com as necessidades e interesses. O gorgulho do milho Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), uma das principais pragas de grãos armazenados tem sido alvo de estudos de alterações comportamentais através de substâncias naturais devido à sua resistência a diferentes classes de insecticidas. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de concentrações subletais de extrato de neem e do óleo de copaíba sobre o comportamento de movimentação de S. zeamais. As características comportamentais consideradas foram: a atividade de caminhamento, a frequência do contato dos insetos com a massa de grãos tratada, e o tempo gasto para realização destes comportamentos. A atividade de caminhamento do S. zeamais aumentou quando os insetos foram expostos ao extrato de Neem e ao óleo de copaíba. Em geral, o extrato de Neem e o óleo de Copaíba induziram mais contato com a massa de grãos do que o controle, sugerindo um efeito atrativo sobre o inseto, contudo este efeito foi mais significativo para o óleo de Neem. O comportamento do inseto foi alterado, apresentando um caminhamento específico devido aos estímulos do óleo de copaíba e do extrato de Neem. Estes resultados indicam que o óleo de copaíba e o extrato de Neem podem ser alternativas potenciais para o controle do S. zeamais em produtos armazenados, uma vez que alterações no comportamento desta praga podem reduzir os danos qualitativos e quantitativos nos grãos. Assim, o desenvolvimento de produtos baseados no óleo de copaíba e no extrato de Neem pode ser útil para o manejo de pragas de armazenamento.

Abstract Insects' ethology is an important factor when it is desired to carry out pest management. This knowledge makes it possible to manipulate behavioral activities, repel, or attract insects according to needs and interests. The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Mots., 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), one of the main stored grain pests, has been the target of studies of behavioral changes studies through natural substances due to its resistance to different insecticidal classes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of neem extract and copaiba oil on the locomotor behavior of S. zeamais. The behavioral characteristic considered were walking activity, the frequency of contact of insects with the treated grain mass, and the time spent for this behavior. The walking activity of the S. zeamais increased with exposure to Neem extract and Copaiba oil. In general, the Neem extract and Copaiba oil-induced more contact with grain mass than the control, suggesting an attractive effect on the insect, however more significant for the Neem oil. The insect's behavior was altered, presenting a specific path due to Copaiba oil and Neem extract stimuli. These results indicate that Copaiba oil and Neem extract can be a potential alternative for controlling S. zeamais on stored products since changes in this pests' behavior can reduce qualitative and quantitative grain damage. Thus, the development of products based on Copaiba oil and Neem extract may be helpful for storage pest management.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacteria responsible for causing numerous nosocomial infections. The present research aimed to analyze the anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa potential of 2-Chloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide (A8). The antibacterial potential of A8 was evaluated from the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Association using the checkerboard method. MIC and MBC values were 512 µg/mL for all P. aeruginosa strains evaluated, demonstrating predominantly bactericidal activity. Furthermore, when A8 was associated with the drug ceftriaxone, pharmacological additivity and indifference were evidenced. In this sense, the synthetic amide was interesting, since it demonstrates the potential to become a possible candidate for an antimicrobial drug.

Resumo Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma bactéria Gram-negativa não fermentadora de lactose, responsável por causar inúmeras infecções nosocomiais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o potencial anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa da molécula 2-Cloro-N-(4-fluoro-3-nitrofenil)acetamida (A8). O potencial antibacteriano do A8 foi avaliado a partir da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) e Associação pelo método de checkboard. Os valores de CIM e CBM foram de 512 µg/mL para todas as cepas de P. aeruginosa avaliadas, demonstrando atividade predominantemente bactericida. Além disso, quando o A8 foi associado ao fármaco ceftriaxona, evidenciou-se aditividade e indiferença farmacológica. Nesse sentido, a amida sintética se mostrou interessante, pois demonstra potencial para se tornar um possível candidato a fármaco antimicrobiano.

Background: Mammograms are one of the most effective preventive means for the early detection of breast cancer. Objective: To describe the features of patients and results of mammograms performed at a public breast imaging service of the Santiago Metropolitan Area. Material and Methods: We reviewed the reports of mammograms performed on 174,017 women and 18 men, between 2008 and 2018 in an Imaging Center. The BI-RADS classification was used in the reports. Results: Forty-six percent of mammograms (75,781) were reported as BI-RADS 2. The high proportion of BI-RADS 4 reports (674 reports) was seen in patients aged 40 to 49 years, corresponding to 30% of reports in this age range. Among patients aged 50 to 59 years, there were 779 BI-RADS 4 reports (35%). BI-RADS 5 reports were more common among patients aged 50 to 59 years (50 reports, 30%) and among patients aged 70 years or older (83 reports, 28%). Conclusions: The presence of a significant number of women between 40 and 49 years of age with a BI-RADS 4 mammography result stands out; being an opportunity to develop new clinical research and public health strategies within the framework of the Universal Health Care policy for breast cancer in Chile.

BACKGROUND: Little epidemiological research on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been done in Africa, suggesting that it is an uncommon illness. In rural South Africa, RA has an overall prevalence of 0.07% and a prevalence of 2.5% in urban areas; therefore, it is not as uncommon as perceived by the lack of research. Patient-centred programmes to improve physical function have been lacking and, as a result, the prior assumption was that physical activity should be avoided. OBJECTIVES: To determine pain and physical activity levels among RA patients between the ages of 18 to 50 years in South Africa. METHODS: A combination of two questionnaires were used, namely, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (2002) and the Pain Outcomes Questionnaire (2003). The collated questionnaires were distributed by rheumatologists and on social media platforms to RA patients between the ages of 18 to 50 years old living in South Africa. This study had a sample size of 105 participants, with participation occurring through the online Google forms platform. RESULTS: One hundred and five participants with RA were recruited with an average age of 38±9 years. Most of the participants were females (93.3%). Seventy-two percent of the sample was classified as physically active, where work, leisure and travel activities were considered. No significant correlation between pain and physical activity was evident (r=0.10; p=0.311). Results showed significant correlations between pain and personal grooming (r=0.30; p=0.002), pain and ambulation (r=0.60; p=0.000), and pain and stair climbing (r=0.60; p=0.000. CONCLUSION: Physical activity has proven to have multiple benefits for those suffering with RA. In this South African sample of RA patients, the majority were classified as physically active, and pain did not affect the activity levels of the involved participants. This study opens further research questions regarding RA prevalence in South Africa, and the type and intensity of physical activity that would be beneficial for RA.

RESUMO Introdução e objetivos No contexto laboral podem existir uma multiplicidade de Riscos Psicossociais que interferem com a Saúde e bem-estar dos trabalhadores, refletindo-se a nível organizacional, na produtividade, absentismo, presenteísmo, satisfação e motivação dos colaboradores. Por outro lado, as estratégias de coping utilizadas, bem como os recursos individuais e organizacionais promovem uma melhor gestão do Stresse laboral. Este trabalho tem como finalidade avaliar a perceção dos Riscos Psicossociais, da Saúde e o coping da parte dos funcionários do departamento estudado. Metodologia Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, transversal, recorrendo-se aos instrumentos como Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionaire- COPSOQ- II, Inventário Breve de Sintomas - BSI e Brief Cope. Resultados e Discussão Os dados gerais apontam para um maior risco ao nível das exigências laborais, sendo mais prevalentes a dimensão cognitiva e o ritmo de trabalho. Para além disso, o conflito de papéis é percecionado como um risco grave. Destacam-se, ainda, dificuldades no equilíbrio entre a vida familiar e o trabalho, sendo identificada a necessidade de melhorar a confiança vertical, que se estabelece mutuamente entre a gerência e os funcionários. Na organização do trabalho e conteúdo, ainda que sejam considerados riscos moderados, convém salientar a importância dos fatores como a influência no trabalho e o compromisso, na promoção e manutenção da satisfação laboral. Por outro lado, importa atender também aos recursos que podem funcionar como protetores da Saúde mental dos funcionários, tendo sido identificados como pontos positivos a possibilidade de desenvolvimento, significado do trabalho, previsibilidade, recompensas, transparência no papel, qualidade de liderança, satisfação laboral (ainda que estas duas devam ser reforçadas), apoio de colegas, segurança laboral, confiança horizontal, bem como a comunidade social. Em relação à sintomatologia denotam-se algumas situações que merecem uma intervenção individualizada, de modo a promover a sua estabilização e atenuar as consequências desta. No que se refere às estratégias de coping mais utilizadas, os resultados demonstram maior recurso à aceitação, ao coping ativo e ao planeamento, ainda que estas duas com menor relevância. Conclusão Os dados alertam para a necessidade de se intervir, recorrendo a medidas centradas no individuo, mas também na organização, de modo a prevenir, minimizar e reparar os danos derivados dos Riscos Psicossociais encontrados, bem como reforçar os recursos existentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives In the workplace context, there may be a multiplicity of psychosocial risks that interfere with the health and well-being of workers, influencing productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, employee satisfaction and motivation. On the other hand, the coping strategies used, as well as individual and organizational resources, promote a better management of work stress. This study aims to assess the perception of psychosocial risks, health and coping of employees of an institution. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, using instruments such as the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire - COPSOQ-II, Brief Symptom Inventory - BSI and Brief Cope. Results and discussion The general data indicate a greater risk in terms of work demands, with cognitive dimension and work pace being more prevalent. Furthermore, role conflict is perceived as a serious risk. Difficulties in the balance between family life and work are also highlighted, as well as the need to improve vertical trust, which is mutually established between management and employees. Regarding the organization and content of work, even though they are considered moderate risks, it is worth emphasizing the importance of factors such as influence on work and commitment, in promoting and maintaining job satisfaction. On the other hand, it is also important to take into account the resources that can work as protectors of the mental health of employees as positive points were identified the possibility of development, the meaning of work, predictability, rewards, transparency on paper, the quality of leadership, job satisfaction (although these two should be reinforced), support from colleagues, job security, horizontal trust, as well as the social community. Regarding to the symptoms, there are some situations that deserve an individualized intervention, in order to promote its stabilization and mitigate its consequences. Concerning the most used coping strategies, the results show greater resort to acceptance, active coping and planning, although these two are less relevant. Conclusion The data alerts to the need to intervene, resorting to measures centered on the individual, but also on the organization, to prevent, minimize and repair the damage arising from the psychosocial risks found, as well as to strengthen existing resources.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries account for approximately 180 000 deaths per annum, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. AIM: This study sought to determine the causes of burn wounds among adults admitted to the Burn Wound Unit at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein for treatment. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. The target population consisted of adult patients, hospitalised for burn wounds at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein, between July 2016 and early January 2017. Relevant data was collected by means of a structured interview using a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients were interviewed during the study period. Almost two-thirds of the patients were male (65.3%, n=32). The median age was 33 years (range 18 to 64 years). In most cases, the injury occurred at home (77.6%, n=38). Three quarters of the reported incidents (77.6%, n=38) were considered accidental of which 68.4% (n=26) were related to domestic activities. At the time of the accidental incident, 39.5% (n=15) patients had consumed alcohol. Eleven (22.4%) of the incidents were intentional with 63.6% (n=7) attributed to assault. The two main causes of burn injuries were flames including flaming liquids (59.2%, n=29) and hot liquids (22.5%, n=11). The most frequent area of injury was the left front thigh. CONCLUSION: The predominant cause of burn wounds was flames including flaming liquids, and injuries were mostly accidental in nature. Alcohol consumption and domestic activities were common in accidental burns.

ABSTRACT This research aims to describe the characteristics of the community process of strawberry producing families and the conditions of reproduction of their social habitus in the productive context, for this purpose it was necessary to know the raw material management system, identify the type and volume of fruits that are produced in the area and the realization of a diagnosis of the sowing and cultivation process. The results showin each of points, situations that put in risk the sustainability of the production of the fruit as being that the majority of the properties where the sowing and harvesting of the plant is developed do not belong to the producers, except in a single case inside of the study, the great majority of the people dedicated to this agricultural sector is not linked with associations that aren’t formally organized, with a weak and unstructured organization. On the other hand, the families will face a crisis since the sons and daughters are not part of the productive process or do not develop these activities once the high school education is finished, almost the whole directs its formation towards non-agricultural areas. Finally, the level of knowledge exhibited on each stage of the productive process is empirical and doesn’t have support framed in public policies by the Municipality as well as the Government and the Central Government.

RESUMEN Esta investigación pretende describir las características del proceso comunitario de las familias productoras de frutilla y las condiciones de reproducción de su habitus social en el contexto productivo, para el efecto fue necesario conocer el sistema de manejo de la materia prima, identificar el tipo y volumen de frutas que se producen en la zona y la realización de un diagnóstico del proceso de siembra y cultivo. Los resultados muestran en cada uno de los puntos, situaciones que ponen en riesgo la sostenibilidad de la producción frutillícola como ser que la mayoría de las propiedades donde se desarrolla la siembra y cosecha de la planta no pertenecen a los productores, exceptuando en un solo caso dentro del estudio, la gran mayoría de las personas dedicadas a este rubro agrícola no se encuentran agremiadas a asociaciones formalmente organizadas, con una organicidad endeble y poco estructurada. Por otra parte, las familias enfrentaran una crisis ya que los hijos e hijas no forman parte del proceso productivo o no desarrollan estas actividades una vez finalizado la educación media, casi la totalidad direcciona su formación hacia áreas no relacionadas con la agrícola. Por último, el nivel de conocimiento exhibido sobre cada etapa de proceso productivo es empírico y no cuentan con apoyo enmarcado en políticas públicas por parte de la Municipalidad así como de la Gobernación y del Gobierno Central.

Abstract Grape pomace (seed, skin and stem) is a winery byproduct with high levels of biologically active compounds, such as antioxidants and antimicrobials, that could be converted into high added-value products. Since these components are easily degraded by oxygen, light and high temperature exposure, stabilization is important, for instance, by a microencapsulation process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence on the particle characteristics of the operational conditions applied in the Supercritical Anti-Solvent (SAS) process for the co-precipitation of grape pomace extract and poly(-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The morphology and size of the particles formed, their stability and thermal profile were evaluated, and also the co-precipitation efficiency. The conditions studied allowed the production of microparticles with spherical shape for all operational conditions, with estimated particle size between 4 ± 2 and 11 ± 5 µm, and very good co-precipitation efficiencies (up to 94.4 ± 0.6%). The co-precipitated extract presented higher stability compared to the crude extract, indicating the effectiveness of the co-precipitation process and coating material against degradation processes.

Resumo O conhecimento da composição da dieta do molusco de água doce Diplodon enno é de extrema importância para a sua cultura e propagação, permitindo desta forma a recuperação de populações em perigo de extinção no Brasil. As microalgas são a principal fonte de alimento para moluscos filtradores e os uniónidos sendo selecionadas por estes com base nas suas características celulares. O principal objectivo deste trabalho é analisar a composição fitoplanctônica da água e do conteúdo gastrointestinal do molusco D. enno, de forma a desenvolver uma dieta apropriada ao seu cultivo. Para isso, amostras de água e espécimes de bivalves foram recolhidos do rio São Francisco, cidade de Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brasil. A composição de microalgas encontrada na água e no conteúdo do estômago/intestino foi muito diversa, sendo representada pelas seguintes divisões: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Dinophyta e Heterokontophyta (diatomáceas). Atendendo à abundância relativa de cada divisão de microalgas, podemos afirmar que na água e no trato gastrointestinal Cyanophyta representa 15% e 14%, Chlorophyta 54% em ambos, Heterokontophyta 31% e 27% e Dinophyta 0% and 5%, respectivamente. De acordo com o critério CETESB de classificação de espécies de fitoplâncton, 50% das espécies de Cyanophyta e 15% das de Chlorophyta observadas nas amostras de água foram classificadas como “muito frequentes”, tal como aconteceu para 68% das espécies de Heterokontophyta e 33% das de Chlorophyta nas amostras do conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal. Realçando as espécies presentes, apesar de apenas Coelastrum sp. e Chroococcus sp. terem sido observadas em 100% e 75% das amostras de água, respectivamente, nas amostras de trato gastrointestinal Staurastrum sp., Aulacoseira sp., Scenedesmus sp. e Fragilaria crotonensis foram identificadas em entre 80% e 100% das amostras. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que D. enno se alimenta não apenas de pequenas microalgas clorófitas, devido ao seu pequeno tamanho que possibilita maiores taxas de filtração, como também de diatomáceas maiores, devido a uma possível vantagem nutricional para os bivalves. Assim sendo, uma dieta composta por diatomáceas e pequenas clorófitas poderá ser considerada a mais indicada para a manutenção de populações de D. enno.

Abstract The knowledge on diet composition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon enno (Ortmann) would aid in its culture and propagation allowing, this way, the replacement of natural endangered populations in Brazil. Microalgae are the main food source for captive mussels and unionids have displayed an ability to sort algae based on the cellular characteristics prior to ingestion. The main objective of the present work is to analyze the phytoplankton composition of the water from and of the gastrointestinal contents of the mussel D. enno, as an initial step for development of a suitable rearing diet. Therefore, water samples and bivalve specimens were collected from S. Francisco River, city of Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brazil. The microalgal composition found in water and stomach/gut content samples was very diverse being represented by the following divisions: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Dinophyta and Heterokontophyta (Diatoms). Concerning the relative abundance of microalgae divisions, it is possible to state, for the water and gastrointestinal contents, that Cyanophyta represents 15% and 14%, Chlorophyta 54% in both, Heterokontophyta 31% and 27% and Dinophyta 0% and 5%, respectively. According to the Brazilian CETESB criteria for phytoplankton species classification, 50% of Cyanophyta and 15% of Chlorophyta species observed in the water samples were classified as “very frequent”, as were 68% of Heterokontophyta and 33% of Chlorophyta species in the gut/stomach tract samples. Focusing at a species level, although in the water only Coelastrum sp. and Chroococcus sp. were observed in 100% and 75% of the samples, respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract the species Staurastrum sp., Aulacoseira sp., Scenedesmus sp. and Fragilaria crotonensis occurred in 80% to 100% of the samples. The present results showed that D. enno feeds not only on small chlorophytes microalgae, due to their convenient size that facilitates higher feeding rates, but also on large size diatoms, due to a possible nutritional advantage for the bivalves. Thus, a diet composed by large diatoms and small chlorophytes microalgae may be considered as the most reasonable for the maintenance of D. enno populations.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações exógenas ocorridas em crianças e adolescentes em Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, no período de janeiro/2008 a setembro/2013.MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico descritivo transversal e retrospectivo.Os dados foram coletados através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) do município e processados no Microsoft Excel e avaliados através do programa estatístico BIOESTAT. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sexo, idade, agente tóxico, local e tempo de atendimento, via de administração, circunstância e classificação final da intoxicação. A faixa etária foi a estabelecida segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: crianças com idade de 0 a 9 anos e adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos.RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 125 casos de intoxicações exógenas, sendo 77 em crianças e 48 em adolescentes. Os principais agentes tóxicos responsáveis pelas intoxicações foram alimentos e bebidas (38,4%) e medicamentos (24,0%). As faixas etárias mais acometidas por intoxicações foram: 0-4 anos (43,2%) e 10-14 anos (19,7%). Em relação às circunstâncias, as intoxicações ocorreram por tentativa de suicídio (16,8%) e acidental (23,2%), respectivamente em adolescentes e crianças. O estudo demonstrou maior frequencia de intoxicações no sexo feminino.CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que as intoxicações exógenas ocorreram predominantemente em crianças até 4 anos por meio do consumo de alimentos ou bebidas e de forma acidental. Assim, é necessária a adoção de medidas educativas de prevenção para os familiares e cuidadores de crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of exogenous intoxications in children and adolescents of Barra Garças, Mato Grosso, from January 2008 to September 2013.METHOD: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and descriptive epidemiological study. Data were collected from the Disease Notification System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação [SINAN]) of the municipality, processed using Microsoft Excel, and evaluated through BIOESTAT statistical software. The variables included were: sex; age; toxic agent; time and place of service; route of administration; circumstance; and classification of intoxication. The age range was established according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, comprising children aged from 0 to 9 years old and adolescents aged from 10 to 19 years old.RESULTS: A total of 125 cases of accidental exogenous poisoning was registered, including 77 children and 48 adolescents. Food and beverages (38.4%) and drugs (24.0%) were the most common groups of toxic agents responsible for the poisoning. The largest age group affected by intoxication was composed of children aged from 0 to 4 years old (43.2%) and adolescents aged from 10 to 14 years old (19.7%). Regarding the circumstances, intoxication occurred due to suicide attempts (16.8%) and accidental events (23.2%) in adolescents and children, respectively. The study revealed a higher frequency of poisoning in girls.CONCLUSION: Exogenous intoxications occurred predominantly in children up to 4 years old, through the accidental consumption of food or drinks. Thus, the adoption of educational prevention programs for children's family members and caregivers is necessary.

O presente estudo teve como principais objetivos conhecer a taxa de ocorrência de lesões melanocíticas (melanose, melanocitomas e melanomas) em suínos abatidos para consumo e identificar possíveis padrões de distinção e de classificação macroscópica dessas lesões. Para tal, procedeu-se à recolha de lesões melanocíticas em matadouro, durante oito meses, e à sua avaliação macroscópica e microscópica. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que as melanoses foram as lesões melanocíticas mais frequentemente encontradas (74,04%) e que, relativamente às lesões tumorais, os melanomas (malignos) foram os mais frequentes (21,15%) comparativamente com os melanocitomas (benignos) (4,81%). Pela análise comparativa das características macroscópicas e microscópicas, verificou-se que, nem sempre, por uma avaliação macroscópica, é possível a distinção entre essas lesões (melanoses, melanocitomas e melanomas). No entanto, identificaram-se, neste estudo, algumas características sugestivas da malignidade, como: o tamanho superior a 2,5cm, a presença de ulceração, a libertação de pigmento negro e a presença de coloração negra do gânglio linfático regional. É, portanto, de extrema importância a observação criteriosa e sistemática dessas lesões, para a avaliação das suas características, uma vez que a decisão sanitária é diferente consoante se trate de uma melanose, de um tumor maligno ou de um tumor benigno.

The main objective of the present study was to know the rate of occurrence of melanocytic lesions (melanosis, melanocytoma and melanoma) in pigs slaughtered for consumption and to identify possible patterns of differentiation and a macroscopic classification of these lesions. To this end, we proceeded to the collection of melanocytic lesions in a slaughterhouse during 8 months, and its macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. The results of this study demonstrated that melanosis were the most often found melanocytic lesions (74.04%) and that for tumors, melanomas (malignant) were the most frequent (21.15%) compared to melanocytomas (benign) (4.81%). By comparative analysis of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics we found that it is not always possible, with a macroscopic evaluation, to distinguish between these lesions (melanosis, melanocytoma and melanoma). However, in this study we identified some features suggestive of malignancy such as: size exceeding 2.5cm, the presence of ulceration, the release of black pigment and the presence of a black staining of the regional lymph node. Therefore, it is extremely important to make a careful and systematic observation of these lesions, with the evaluation of their characteristics, since the sanitary decision is different if they are melanosis, malignant tumors or benign tumors.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, em um mesmo ambiente, a eficiência das duas técnicas de coletas mais utilizadas para amostrar a diversidade de formigas, o extrator de Winkler e a armadilha de queda (pitfall traps). Para a comunidade de formigas de serapilheira da Mata Atlântica, comparamos as estimativas de riqueza de gêneros, de espécies e as curvas de acumulação de espécies. Os dois métodos resultaram em uma amostragem de riqueza satisfatória, sendo 21,3 e 47,6% exclusivamente gêneros e espécies coletadas pelo extrator de Winkler e 6,4 e 9,5% pela armadilha de queda. O extrator de Winkler mostrou ser a técnica mais eficiente para amostrar a riqueza de uma área quando apenas uma das técnicas possa ser utilizada. No entanto, o uso da armadilha de queda registrou uma parcela não tão desprezível da riqueza. Quanto à eficiência das técnicas de coleta, as curvas de acumulação de espécies para os duas técnicas mostraram-se similares com a obtida com os dois métodos simultaneamente. Notou-se, portanto, que o extrator de Winkler apresenta uma eficiência de amostragem da riqueza na ordem de 74,0% maior que a armadilha de queda para ambiente de Mata Atlântica. Vale ressaltar que as técnicas de coleta devem estar associadas a um delineamento amostral bem estruturado para que se possa ampliar ainda mais o conhecimento sobre a mirmecofauna dos biomas brasileiros, principalmente daquelas com serapilheira, permitindo análises ambientais mais completas.

The aim of this study was to compare in the same site the efficiency of the two most used techniques for sampling ant diversity, Winkler's extractors and pitfalls. We studied communities of leaf litter ants from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, compared richness estimates for genera and species, and built species accumulation curves. These two methods resulted in a satisfactory sampling of richness; 21.3% of the genera and 47.6% of the species were collected exclusively with Winkler's extractors, whereas 6.4% of the genera and 9.5% of the species were collected exclusively with pitfalls. Winkler's extractor had proven to be the most efficient single sampling technique to estimate richness. However, pitfalls also recorded a significant portion of the total richness. Despite differences in efficiency, species accumulation curves for both techniques were similar, as well as the curve obtained with both methods combined. We noticed that Winkler's extractors were c. 74.0% more efficient than pitfalls in the Atlantic Forest. Therefore, sampling techniques must be used with a well-structured sampling design in order to advance knowledge on the ant fauna of Brazilian biomes, especially in the leaf litter, allowing more complete environmental analyses.